Fatores influenciadores da esperança nos pais de crianças com doença crónica / Factors influencing hope in parents of children with chronic illness

Resumo Objetivo Mapear na literatura científica estudos que conduzam à identificação dos fatores que influenciam a vivência de esperança em pais de crianças com doença crónica. Métodos Realizada uma revisão da literatura do tipo Scoping Review, seguindo a metodologia proposta pelo Joanna Briggs Institute, nas bases de dados Pubmed, CINHAL Plus with Full texto e na MEDLINE Plus with Full text, no intervalo cronológico compreendido entre 2009 e 2019, para responder à questão: quais os fatores que influenciam a vivência de esperança em pais de crianças com doença crónica? Resultados Após aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, foram selecionados dez estudos, dos quais se depreendeu que a esperança é um recurso interno positivo e motivador e que está orientada para o presente e para o futuro. Existem fatores promotores de esperança, como o foco nos pontos positivos, fé/religião e apoio social; e fatores ameaçadores à esperança parental, como o esgotamento físico e emocional, negativismo percecionado por parte dos outros, medo e incerteza. Conclusão A esperança parental é influenciada pelo estado de saúde dos filhos, eficácia dos tratamentos e contexto psicossocial, tendo um papel significativo na adaptação dos pais à condição de saúde da criança.

Resumen Objetivo Mapear en la literatura científica estudios que conduzcan a la identificación de los factores que influyen en la vivencia de esperanza de los padres de niños con enfermedad crónica. Métodos Se realizó una revisión de la literatura tipo Scoping Review, siguiendo la metodología propuesta por el Joanna Briggs Institute, en la base de datos Pubmed, CINHAL Plus with Full texto y en la MEDLINE Plus with Full text, en el período cronológico comprendido entre 2009 y 2019 para responder la pregunta: ¿qué factores influyen en la vivencia de esperanza de los padres de niños con enfermedad crónica? Resultados Luego de aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se seleccionaron diez estudios, de los cuales se dedujo que la esperanza es un recurso interno positivo y motivador y que está orientada hacia el presente y el futuro. Existen factores que promueven la esperanza, como el énfasis en los puntos positivos, la fe/religión y el apoyo social; y factores que amenazan la esperanza parental, como el agotamiento físico y emocional, el negativismo percibido por parte de los otros, el miedo y la incertidumbre. Conclusión La esperanza parental está influenciada por el estado de salud de los hijos, la eficacia de los tratamientos y el contexto psicosocial, factores que tienen un papel significativo en la adaptación de los padres a la condición de salud del niño.

Abstract Objective To map in scientific literature studies that lead to the identification of factors that influence the experience of hope in parents of children with chronic illness. Methods A scoping review literature review was carried out, following the methodology proposed by the Joanna Briggs Institute in the PubMed, CINHAL Plus with Full text and MEDLINE Plus with Full text databases, in the chronological interval between 2009 and 2019, to respond to the question: what are the factors that influence the experience of hope in parents of children with chronic illness? Results After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, ten studies were selected, from which it appeared that hope is a positive and motivating internal resource and that it is oriented towards the present and the future. There are factors that promote hope, such as the focus on positives, faith/religion and social support; and factors that threaten parental hope, such as physical and emotional exhaustion, perceived negativity on the part of others, fear and uncertainty. Conclusion Parental hope is influenced by children's health status, effectiveness of treatments and psychosocial context, playing a significant role in adapting parents to children's health condition.

usencia de asociación entre estrés parental y caries temprana de la infancia en preescolares / Absence of association between parental stress and early childhood caries in preschoolers

RESUMEN: La caries temprana de infancia (CTI) es un problema de salud pública. Los determinantes de CTI pueden ser biológicos, conductuales y psicosociales, siendo estos últimos los menos estudiados. El objetivo de este estudio es establecer la asociación entre estrés parental y CTI. Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal en niños de 3 a 5 años que asisten a jardines infantiles de INTEGRA en la ciudad de Temuco, Chile. La variable dependiente fue índice ceod; la variable independiente fue estrés parental, medida a través de la versión en español del Parenting Stress Index, versión corta (PSI-sf). El cuestionario fue entregado al cuidador principal del niño. Posteriormente, se realizaron los exámenes clínicos a los preescolares por investigadores calibrados. Las variables de control fueron sexo, estado civil, nivel socioeconómico, higiene oral y dieta cariogénica. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo con las características sociodemográficas. El test exacto de Fisher, la prueba ttest y ANOVA fueron utilizados para determinar asociación entre las variables de estudio (nivel de significancia p<0,05). Fueron incluidos 202 preescolares (105 niños y 97 niñas) con edad promedio de 3,3 (SD 0,6). Los cuidadores principales fueron mayoritariamente mujeres (91,0 %). El 48,5 % de los padres presentaron nivel de estrés adecuado y sólo un 18,3 % presentaron nivel de estrés clínicamente significativo. La prevalencia de caries fue un 69,8 %. No se encontró asociación entre alto nivel de estrés o estrés clínicamente significativo e índice ceod (p>0.05). Los padres que reportaron una peor salud de sus hijos o quienes no realizaban higiene oral, presentaron significativamente un mayor índice ceod (p<0,01). Los ingresos económicos y la composición familiar mostraron estar asociados a mayor índice ceod (p<0,05). Este estudio no mostró asociación significativa entre CTI y estrés parental.

ABSTRACT: Early childhood caries (ECC) is a public health problem. ECC determinants can be biological, behavioral and psychosocial, the latter being the least studied. The aim of this study is to establish the association between parental stress and ECC. A cross-sectional study was carried out with children from 3 to 5 years of age who attend INTEGRA kindergartens in Temuco, Chile, The dependent variable was dmft index. The independent variable was parental stress, measured by the Spanish version of the Parenting Stress Index, short form (PSI-sf). The questionnaire was given to the main caregiver of the child. Subsequently, preschooler clinical examinations were performed by calibrated researchers. Control variables were sex, marital status, socioeconomic level, oral hygiene and cariogenic diet of the preschooler. A descriptive analysis was carried out with the sociodemographic characteristics. Fisher's exact test, t test and ANOVA test were used to determine association between the study variables. The level of significance was p <0.05. Two hundred and two preschoolers were included (105 boys and 97 girls); the average age was 3.3 (SD 0.6). The main caregivers were mostly women, (91.0 %). Forty eight point five percent of parents presented an adequate level of stress and only 18.3 % presented a clinically significant level of stress. The prevalence of caries was 69.8 %. No association was found between high level of stress or clinically significant stress and dmft index (p> 0.05). Parents who reported worse health of their children, or who did not perform oral hygiene with their children presented a significantly higher dmft index (p <0.01). The economic income and the family composition showed to be significantly associated to a higher dmft index (p<0,05). This study showed no significant association between early childhood caries and parental stress.

Systematic review: Symptoms of parental depression and anxiety and offspring overweight / Revisão sistemática: Sintomas de depressão e ansiedade parental e excesso de peso da prole

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the existing literature on the association between parents' depression and anxiety and their influence on their children's weight during childhood, identifying possible mechanisms involved in this association. METHODS A systematic search of the literature was conducted in the PubMed, PsycINFO and SciELO databases, using the following descriptors: (maternal OR mother* OR parent* OR paternal OR father) AND ("common mental disorder" OR "mental health" OR "mental disorder" OR "depressive disorder" OR depress* OR anxiety OR "anxiety disorder") AND (child* OR pediatric OR offspring) AND (overweight OR obes* OR "body mass index" OR BMI). A total of 1,187 articles were found after peer selection. RESULTS In total, 16 articles that met the inclusion criteria were selected for the review. Most of them investigated depressive symptoms and only three, symptoms of maternal anxiety. The evaluated studies suggested a positive association between symptoms of maternal depression and higher risk of childhood obesity. The results diverged according to the chronicity of depressive symptoms (episodic or recurrent depression) and income of the investigated country (high or middle income). Mechanisms were identified passing by quality of parenthood, affecting behaviors related to physical activity and child-feeding, as mediators of the association. CONCLUSIONS We conclude there is evidence of a positive relationship between the occurrence of maternal symptoms of depression and anxiety and childhood obesity. It is emphasized the need for a better understanding on the effect of depressive symptoms and the contextual factors involved in this relationship so that effective intervention strategies can be implemented.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar a literatura existente acerca da associação entre depressão e ansiedade dos pais e sua influência no excesso de peso dos filhos durante a infância, identificando possíveis mecanismos envolvidos nessa associação. MÉTODOS Foi realizada uma busca na literatura, de forma sistemática, nas bases de dados PubMed, PsycINFO e SciELO, usando os descritores: (maternal OR mother* OR parent* OR paternal OR father) AND ("common mental disorder" OR "mental health" OR "mental disorder" OR "depressive disorder" OR depress* OR anxiety OR "anxiety disorder") AND (child* OR pediatric OR offspring) AND (overweight OR obes* OR "body mass index" OR BMI). Foram encontrados 1.187 artigos após seleção por pares. RESULTADOS Foram selecionados 16 artigos que atingiram os critérios para inclusão na revisão. A maioria investigou sintomas depressivos e somente três, sintomas ansiosos maternos. Os estudos avaliados mostraram resultados sugestivos de associação positiva entre sintomas de depressão materna e maior risco de excesso de peso nos filhos. Os resultados divergiram de acordo com a cronicidade dos sintomas depressivos (depressão episódica ou recorrente) e renda do país investigado (alta ou média renda). Foram identificados mecanismos que passam pela qualidade da parentalidade, afetando comportamentos relacionados à atividade física e alimentação da criança, como mediadores da associação. CONCLUSÕES Concluímos que há evidências de uma relação positiva entre a ocorrência de sintomas maternos de depressão e ansiedade e o excesso de peso dos filhos. Ressalta-se a necessidade de uma melhor compreensão do impacto do momento de ocorrência dos sintomas depressivos e dos fatores contextuais envolvidos nessa relação para que possam ser implementadas estratégias de intervenção eficazes.

Factores sociodemográficos y clínicos asociados a la satisfacción usuaria de cuidadores en un hospital pediátrico de alta complejidad / Sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with caregivers' satisfaction in a tertiary pediatric hospital

INTRODUCCIÓN: La calidad y seguridad de la atención constituyen pilares fundamentales del sistema de salud, basándose en el respeto por la dignidad y autonomía de los usuarios. Esto demanda que la atención considere características propias de las personas al evaluar su satisfacción con sus servicios; sin embargo, las encuestas de satisfacción usuaria suelen indagar solamente en generalidades como infraestructura y tiempos de atención. EL OBJETIVO de este trabajo era evaluar los factores socio-demográficos y clínicos asociados a la satisfacción usuaria de padres/cuidadores en un hospital pediátrico de alta complejidad en Santiago, Chile. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se aplicó la encuesta Pediatric Acute Care, adaptada al castellano, a 304 padres/cuidadores de pacientes pediátricos. Se analizó el comportamiento psicométrico del instrumento, y se aplicó un modelo lineal generalizado para evaluar las características sociodemográficas y clínicas asociadas al puntaje de satisfacción usuaria. RESULTADOS: Los padres/cuidadores que perciben la salud del niño/a como "buena" presentan, en promedio, 4,64 puntos más de satisfacción en comparación a quienes consideran la salud como "mala" (IC95% 0,9 ­ 8,38; p=0,015). Del mismo modo, a medida que aumenta la edad del niño/a en un mes, la satisfacción aumenta en 0,026 puntos (IC95% 0,01 ­ 0,041; p=0,001). No obstante, la satisfacción disminuye en 0,06 puntos por cada día que el niño/a pasa hospitalizado/a (IC95% -0,69 ­ -0,003; p=0,034), ajustando por otras variables. DISCUSIÓN: La satisfacción usuaria de padres/cuidadores de niños/as hospitalizados está asociada a características personales de los mismos. Los profesionales de la salud deben considerar estas características con el objetivo de otorgar una atención de calidad, ajustada a las necesidades de los usuarios.

INTRODUCTION: Assuring the quality of care and patient safety are central pillars of health sys-tems, in order to respect patients' dignity and autonomy. On the basis of these principles, healthcare systems should consider users' personal characteristics to evaluate their satisfaction with services; however, most user satisfaction surveys only ask about general issues, such as infrastructure and wait times. THE OBJECTIVE of this study was to evaluate socio-demographic and clinical factors related to parent/caregiver's user satisfaction in a tertiary pediatric hospital located in Santiago, Chile. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Pediatric Acute Care questionnaire was adapted and applied to 304 parents/caregivers. Psychometric characteristics were evaluated, and a generalized linear model was applied to obtain socio-demographic and clinical factors related to the user satis-faction score. RESULTS: Parents/caregivers who perceive their child's health as 'good' obtained, on average, 4.64 more satisfaction points than those who consider their child's health as 'bad' (IC95% 0.9 ­ 8.38; p=0.015). Likewise, as a child's age increases by one month, satisfaction increases by 0.0026 points (IC95% 0.01 ­ 0.041; p=0.001). Nonetheless, each additional day a child is hospitalized decreases user satisfaction by 0.06 points (IC95% -0.69 ­ -0.003; p=0.034), holding other variables constant. DISCUSSION: User satisfaction is associated with parents/caregivers' personal characteristics. Health workers should consider these characteristics in order to deliver better care, adjusted to their users' needs

Problemas de Salud Mental en Niños con Fisura Labiopalatina / Mental Health Problems in Children with a Lip-Palatal Fissure

Los niños que padecen enfermedades genéticas son una población vulnerable para desarrollar problemas de salud mental. Una de las anomalías congénitas más frecuentes es la fisura labiopalatina (FLAP). Objetivo: Estudiar el impacto a nivel familiar del diagnóstico de FLAP. Metodología: Alcance exploratorio, de diseño cuantitativo y corte transversal. Se construyó un cuestionario autoadministrado compuesto por un consentimiento informado, un cuestionario de datos sociodemográficos, el Child Behavior CheckList y preguntas abiertas. El muestreo fue intencional y la muestra fue de 42 casos. Resultados: El diagnóstico de una fisura labio palatina es una experiencia difícil en los padres, quienes viven este momento de manera negativa, con tristeza y miedo. Sin embargo, los niños pequeños con FLAP presentan niveles de salud mental similares a la población general.

Children with genetic diseases are a vulnerable population in the development of mental health problems. The cleft lip and palate (FLAP) is one of the most common congenital anomalies. Objective: To study the impact at family level of the FLAP diagnosis. Methodology: Exploratory and quantitative design and cross-sectional scope. A self-administered questionnaire consisting of an informed consent, a sociodemographic data questionnaire, the Child Behavior CheckList and open questions, was constructed. The sampling was intentional and composed by 42 cases. Results: The diagnosis of a cleft palatal lip is a difficult experience in parents, who experience this moment in a negative way, with sadness and fear. Nevertheless, children with FLAP present similar levels of mental health with general populatio.

Sociodemographic factors associated with smoking risk perception in adolescents in São Paulo, Brazil

Objective: We examined the sociodemographic factors associated with smoking risk perceptions (SRP) in youth living in two very different neighborhoods in the city of São Paulo, Brazil: a middle-class central area (Vila Mariana) and a poor outer-city area (Capão Redondo). Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 180 public school-attending youth (all aged 12 years) and their parents. SRP was evaluated through self-reports. Weighted multinomial logistic regression was used to examine factors associated with SRP. Results: Smoking was considered a high-risk behavior by 70.9% of adolescents. There were significant differences in SRP associated with socioeconomic status (SES) and maternal smoking status. Having a non-smoking mother was positively associated with perceiving smoking as having low to moderate risk versus no risk (OR=3.91 [95%CI 1.27-12.02]). Attending school in Capão Redondo was associated with perceiving smoking as having high risk compared to no risk (OR=3.00 [95%CI 1.11-8.12]), and low SES was negatively associated with perceiving at least some risk in smoking versus perceiving no risk in this behavior. Conclusions: Youth whose mothers smoke appear to have lower SRP than those whose mothers do not smoke. Living in a poor outer-city area was associated with higher SRP.

Posición del Comité Consultivo de Inmunizaciones de la Sociedad Chilena de Infectología en relación a los cuestionamientos de las vacunas y su obligatoriedad / Statement from the Immunization Committee of the Chilean Infectious Diseases Society in reference to vaccine refusal and mandatory policy on vaccination

Resumen: A pesar del enorme impacto de las vacunas en la salud de la población, estas han sido y son objeto de cuestionamientos por grupos que las consideran innecesarias o inseguras y argumentan que las personas tienen el derecho a decidir sobre si estas deben ser administradas o no. Sin embargo el uso de vacunas tiene connotaciones distintas a otras decisiones en salud, ya que no vacunar impacta no solo al individuo, sino también a la comunidad que lo rodea. El inmunizar a un alto porcentaje de la población permite limitar la circulación de los agentes infecciosos, logrando la llamada inmunidad comunitaria que protege a los no vacunados por razones médicas o porque son muy pequeños. Por esta razón muchos países han definido las vacunas como obligatorias. Como Comité Consultivo de Inmunizaciones nos parece que esta estrategia es correcta sin embargo debe ser acompañada por una política de educación de la población y personal de salud sobre los beneficios y riesgos reales de las va cunas. Así mismo es necesario introducir mejoras en el sistema de notificación de reacciones adversas a vacunas haciéndolo más accesible. Adicionalmente se debe dar respuesta oportuna a los afectados por supuestas o reales reacciones a vacunas y en los casos de eventos adversos graves efectivamente asociados a vacunas. Entregar cobertura económica y acompañamiento. Finalmente es esencial la coordinación entre los diferentes actores y comunicadores para transmitir mensajes que generen confianza y respondan a las inquietudes de la población de hoy en día.

Abstract: Although vaccines have had a tremendous impact in public health they are questioned by certain groups that consider them unnecessary or unsafe and argue in favor of the right to decide to be vacci nated or not. However vaccines must have special considerations because unlike other medical deci sions, not vaccinating has consequences not only for the individual but also for other members of the community. Immunizing a high proportion of the population limits the circulation of an infectious agent attaining what is called community or herd immunity that protects the susceptible members of the group. For this reason many countries consider vaccination mandatory as a responsibility of every citizen. This committee agrees with this view but thinks other strategies should be implemented as well, such as special educational efforts for the public and parents addressing benefits and real risks of vaccinating. Also health care professionals should be trained in vaccines. The notification system for adverse events currently available should be improved and be more accessible. Persons truly affected by adverse events due to vaccination should receive on time responses and be offered psychological and financial support. Finally all stakeholders should make coordinated efforts to work together to deliver messages that answer concerns on vaccines and bring confidence back to the public.

How do we live with chronic disease? A rights-based approach promoting the wellbeing of children with chronic disease / Como é que vivemos com doenças crônicas? Uma abordagem baseada em direitos para promover o bem-estar de crianças com doenças crônicas

Abstract This paper focuses on the life experiences of children with chronic disease, a group whose invisibility involves particular challenges in their relationship with professionals in important life contexts, such as family, school and hospital. The study includes two complementary phases: i) Phase 1, composed of 15 interviews with parents, education and health professionals and two focus group discussions with children, and children and their mothers; and ii) Phase 2, which included self-report questionnaires administered to parents (n = 152) and children with chronic disease (n = 176). Based on a mixed methodology, this study combines quantitative and qualitative methods assuming that plural approaches allow for a deeper understanding of the life conditions of children with chronic disease and their families. The results reinforce the reproduction of social stereotypes and the tendency to focus on the individual ability to solve problems, which still remain to be circumscribed to the people's chronic disease sphere. Moreover, this paper reveals the central role that inclusive contexts have on children's wellbeing.

Resumo Este artigo foca-se nas experiências de vida de crianças com doenças crônica, cuja invisibilidade envolve desafios particulares no que respeita à sua relação com profissionais, em importantes contextos de vida, como sejam a família, a escola e o hospital. Este estudo inclui duas fases complementares: i) Fase 1, composta por 15 entrevistas com pais, profissionais de educação e de saúde, e dois grupos de discussão focalizada com crianças e com crianças e suas mães; e ii) Fase 2, a qual inclui questionários autoadministrados a pais (n = 152) e a crianças com doença crônica (n = 176). Baseado numa metodologia mista, este estudo combina métodos qualitativos e quantitativos, assumindo que abordagens plurais permitem um conhecimento mais aprofundado das condições de vida das crianças com doença crônica e suas famílias. Os resultados reforçam a reprodução de estereótipos sociais e a tendência para enfatizar a capacidade individual para resolver problemas, a qual parece estar ainda circunscrita à esfera das pessoas com doença crônica. Para além disso, este artigo revela o papel central que os contextos inclusivos têm no bem-estar das crianças.

Randomized clinical trial to change parental practices for drug use in a telehealth prevention program: a pilot study / Ensaio clínico randomizado para mudar as práticas de uso de drogas dos pais em um programa telessaúde de prevenção: estudo piloto

Abstract Objectives: Programs for parents have been found to have a direct positive impact on reducing the consumption of psychoactive substances by adolescents, as well as having an indirect impact on reducing risk factors and increasing protective factors. The present study aimed to verify if a telehealth prevention program based on a brief motivational intervention helps to reduce parental risk practices and increase parental protective practices for drug use in comparison with psychoeducation. Methods: A pilot randomized controlled trial was performed at the National Service of Guidance and Information on Drug Use (Ligue 132), from September 2014 to December 2015, with the parents of adolescents (n = 26). The outcome measures were parental style, risk, and protective parental practices. Results: The brief motivational intervention was found to be more effective than psychoeducation in reducing the negligent behavior of parents. Furthermore, when comparing pre‐ and post‐intervention data, the brief motivational intervention helped to change parental style and the large majority of parental practices: increasing positive monitoring, as well as decreasing physical abuse, relaxed discipline, inconsistent punishment, and negative monitoring. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that the telehealth intervention is effective in modifying the parental practices known to help in preventing drug use. Studies with more number of subjects are required so that the results can be substantiated and generalized.

Resumo Objetivos: Os programas para pais parecem ter um impacto positivo direto sobre a redução do consumo de substâncias psicoativas por adolescentes, bem como um impacto indireto sobre a redução dos fatores de risco e aumento dos fatores protetores. O presente estudo visou a verificar se um programa telessaúde de prevenção com base em uma intervenção breve motivacional ajuda a reduzir as práticas de risco dos pais e aumentar as práticas protetoras com relação ao uso de drogas, em comparação à psicoeducação. Métodos: Um ensaio piloto controlado randomizado foi feito no Serviço Nacional de Informações e Orientações sobre Drogas (Ligue 132), de setembro de 2014 a dezembro de 2015, com os pais de adolescentes (n = 26). As medições dos resultados foram o estilo dos pais e as práticas de risco e protetoras dos pais. Resultados: A intervenção breve motivacional parece ser mais eficaz do que a psicoeducação na redução dos comportamentos negligentes dos pais. Adicionalmente, quando comparada aos dados pré e pós-intervenção, a intervenção breve motivacional ajudou a mudar o estilo dos pais e a grande maioria das práticas dos pais: aumentou o monitoramento positivo e reduziu o abuso físico, disciplina permissiva, punição não condizente e monitoramento negativo. Conclusões: Esses resultados demonstram que a intervenção telessaúde é eficaz na mudança das práticas dos pais, conhecida por ajudar a prevenir o uso de drogas. Estudos com maior número de indivíduos são necessários para que os resultados possam ser comprovados e generalizados.

Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in children with first degree relatives diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder

Objective: A first-degree relative affected by obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) in childhood is an important risk factor for developing the disorder in adulthood. The relationship between a family history of OCD and the presence of OCS and its correlates in childhood is not well established. Methods: A total of 66 children whose parents or siblings have been diagnosed with OCD were assessed for the presence of OCS and clinical correlates. Results: Three children (4.5%) were reported to have received an OCD diagnosis and another 26 (39.4%) were identified as having OCS. Children with OCS had higher rates of coercive behavior and came from families with lower socioeconomic status. Contamination/cleaning dimension symptoms in the proband were associated with OCS in the assessed children. Conclusion: OCS are frequent among family members of individuals with OCD and are associated with socioeconomic status, coercive behaviors and proband contamination/cleaning symptoms. Future longitudinal studies should test the risk of developing OCD in association with these characteristics.

Excesso de peso, ambiente percebido e privação social: um estudo da percepção de pais ou responsáveis / Overweight, perceived environment, and social deprivation: a study on the perception of parents or guardians

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar a percepção de pais ou responsáveis sobre a proximidade residencial a locais de venda de alimentos, de lazer e de atividade física segundo a privação social da vizinhança e testar associações do ambiente percebido com o excesso de peso de seus filhos. Métodos: Estudo transversal conduzido com 408 crianças e adolescentes (6 a 15 anos de idade) de escolas públicas de um município de médio porte brasileiro. A coleta de dados ocorreu de 2011 a 2014. Foram determinados a presença de excesso de peso e o tempo de deslocamento da residência dos participantes aos locais avaliados, questionados durante entrevista telefônica com instrumento de pesquisa estruturado. O indicador de privação social adotado foi o Índice de Vulnerabilidade da Saúde. Modelos de regressão logística foram construídos para predizer a proximidade percebida (privação social como variável explicativa) e para avaliar os fatores do ambiente percebido (variáveis explicativas) associados ao excesso de peso (desfecho). Resultados: Moradores de áreas com maior vulnerabilidade social apresentaram chances de percepção de proximidade 50 a 71% menores para supermercados, feiras/sacolões, parques, áreas de lazer/centros comunitários e academias de ginástica, quando comparados a residentes de áreas com menor vulnerabilidade. A percepção de proximidade a parques reduziu em 73% a chance de excesso de peso em crianças e adolescentes, com Odds Ratio (OR) de 0,27 (IC95% 0,07-0,95; p<0,05). Conclusões: A percepção ambiental sobre a infraestrutura da área residencial pode estar relacionada com a privação social da vizinhança e a presença de excesso de peso em crianças e adolescentes.

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate parents' or guardians' perception of their residential proximity to food retailers, leisure areas, and spaces for physical activity according to neighborhood social deprivation, and test associations between the perceived environment and their children's overweight. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted with 408 children and adolescents (6- to 15-year-olds) attending public schools in a medium-sized Brazilian city. Data were collected from 2011 to 2014. A telephone interview using a structured research tool determined the presence of overweight and the walking time between the participants' home and the places evaluated. The indicator of social deprivation adopted was the Health Vulnerability Index. Logistic regression models were constructed to predict the perception of proximity (social deprivation as an explanatory variable) and evaluate perceived environmental factors (explanatory variables) associated with overweight (outcome). Results: Residents of areas with higher social vulnerability showed a probability of perceived proximity 50 to 71% lower to supermarkets, street/produce markets, parks, recreation areas/community centers, and gyms compared to residents of less vulnerable areas. The perceived proximity to parks reduced the chance of overweight in children and adolescents in 73%, with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.27 (95%CI 0.07-0.95; p<0.05). Conclusions: The perceived environment of the residential area infrastructure might be related to neighborhood social deprivation and the presence of overweight in children and adolescents.

Retraso del desarrollo del lenguaje en niños de 24 meses en un centro de salud en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires / Language development delay in 24-month-old children at a health care center of the City of Buenos Aires

Introducción. El retraso del desarrollo del lenguaje representa un desafío frecuente para pediatras y otros profesionales. El objetivo principal fue establecer su prevalencia en niñas y niños usuarios de un centro de salud. Población y métodos. Se evaluó el vocabulario expresivo de niñas y niños de 24 meses en un centro de salud utilizando el Inventario de Desarrollo de Habilidades Comunicativas MacArthur-Bates, versión breve (adaptación argentina). Se investigó la asociación entre el retraso del lenguaje y las características demográficas, socioeconómicas, conductuales/emocionales y de estrés parental. En aquellos con retraso expresivo, se evaluó el vocabulario receptivo y se investigaron posibles causas subyacentes (retraso cognitivo no verbal, trastornos del espectro autista, patología del oído medio e hipoacusia). Resultados. Se observó un retraso del desarrollo del lenguaje en 16 de 138 participantes (11,6%; intervalo de confianza -IC- 95%: 6,2-17%), asociado significativamente con antecedentes familiares de retraso del lenguaje, estrés parental y comportamiento problemático. El compromiso del vocabulario receptivo se identificó en 13 de 16 casos con retraso del desarrollo del lenguaje, y 7 presentaron sospecha de trastorno del espectro autista, de retraso global del desarrollo o ambas. Se observó la patología del oído medio en 5 de 9 estudiados. Los 9 participantes a los que se realizó una audiometría no presentaron resultados patológicos de acuerdo con los criterios adoptados en el presente trabajo. Conclusiones. El retraso del desarrollo del lenguaje representa un problema prevalente en nuestra población y se asoció principalmente con problemas de comportamiento y antecedentes familiares de retraso del lenguaje.

Introduction. Language development delay is a frequent challenge for pediatricians and other health care providers. The main objective of this study was to establish its prevalence among children attending a health care center. Population and methods. The expressive vocabulary of 24-month-old children attending a health care center was assessed using the Spanish-language MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories, short form (Argentine version). The association between language delay and demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral/emotional, and parental stress characteristics was analyzed. In children with expressive language delay, receptive vocabulary was assessed and possible underlying causes were studied (non-verbal cognitive delay, autistic spectrum disorders, middle ear pathology, and hearing impairment). Results. Language development delay was observed in 16 out of 138 participants (11.6%; 95% confidence interval: 6.2-17%), significantly associated with a family history of language delay, parental stress, and problem behavior. Receptive vocabulary compromise was identified in 13 out of 16 children with language development delay, and 7 were suspected of autistic spectrum disorder, overall developmental delay, or both. A middle ear pathology was observed in 5 out of 9 studied children. The 9 participants who had an audiometry did not have pathological results based on this study's criteria. Conclusions. Language development delay is a prevalent condition in our population and has been mainly associated with behavioral problems and a family history of language delay.

Pais e seus filhos em sofrimento mental, enfrentamento, compreensão e medo do futuro / Parents and children suffering from mental distress: coping mechanisms, understanding and fear of the future

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi conhecer experiências de enfrentamento de pais em relação ao sofrimento mental dos filhos. Trata-se de um estudo etnográfico. Os dados foram analisados por meio da análise de conteúdo. Foram identificadas três categorias: 1. Enfrentamento das situações do cotidiano 2. Compreensão do sofrimento mental como uma situação de vida; 3. Medo do futuro, sentimento de desamparo social e governamental. O sofrimento mental impõe às famílias situações que necessitam ser rapidamente resolvidas e arranjos na tentativa de equilibrar o sistema familiar; os familiares convivem com o sofrimento mental na perspectiva de uma doença crônica, e buscam mecanismos de enfrentamento para as situações do dia a dia; por fim temem o futuro de seus parentes adoecidos e sentem-se desamparados pelas políticas públicas. São necessárias pesquisas na área para avaliar o impacto dessa questão na vida das famílias, instituições e políticas públicas.

Abstract The aim of the study was to learn about the parents' coping experiences regarding the mental suffering of their children. This is an ethnographic study. Data was analyzed through content analysis. Three categories have been identified: 1. Coping with everyday situations 2. Understanding of mental suffering as a life situation; 3. Fear of the future, feeling of social and governmental helplessness. Mental suffering imposes situations that need to be quickly resolved on families and arrangements in an attempt to balance the family system; family members coexist with mental suffering in the perspective of a chronic illness, and seek coping mechanisms for day-to-day situations; lastly they fear the future of their sick relatives and feel helpless due to public policies. Research is needed in the area to assess the impact of this issue on the lives of families, institutions and public policies.

Rupturas e continuidades biográficas nas experiências e trajetórias familiares de crianças com fibrose cística / Biographical ruptures and flows in the family experience and trajectory of children with cystic fibrosis

Resumo O conceito de ruptura biográfica (RB) ganhou centralidade nos estudos sociológicos sobre a experiência de adoecimento crônico, ao mostrar que esta pode estar fortemente marcada por rupturas nas formas de viver e de organizar narrativamente a trajetória biográfica. Revisões críticas apontaram que o emprego generalizado do conceito esteve pouco atento a seus limites analíticos, por exemplo, diante de experiências relacionadas a doenças genéticas entre crianças, quando continuidades biográficas (CB) mais do que de RB estariam presentes. Neste artigo, empregou-se os conceitos de RB e de CB para analisar as relações entre as trajetórias de adoecimento de crianças com fibrose cística (FC) e as experiências de seus pais, tendo em perspectiva as narrativas sobre suas histórias e contextos familiares, depreendidas de entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com 10 crianças com FC e 14 familiares. Os resultados apontaram para potencialidades e limites dos conceitos de RB e CB para a análise pretendida. Conclui-se que ambos os conceitos podem ser aplicados à análise da experiência familiar com doenças genéticas infantis, desde que empregados de modo crítico e sensível aos sujeitos e contextos investigados, de forma atenta aos interesses teóricos mais amplos.

Abstract Biographical disruption (BD) became a core concept of sociological studies on the chronic illness experience by showing how this event can be strongly affected by ruptures in the ways of living and organizing the biographical trajectory through narratives. Critical reviews have pointed out that the widespread use of this concept was not sufficiently attentive to its analytical limits, e.g. addressing experiences of children with genetic diseases, when biographic flows (BF) rather than BD would be probably found. In this paper, we employed the concepts of BD and BF to analyze the relationships between the illness trajectories of children with cystic fibrosis (CF) and the experiences of their parents, taking into account the narratives about their histories and family contexts, drawn from semi-structured interviews with 10 children with CF and 14 family members. The results pointed to potentialities and limits of the concepts of BD and BF for the analysis undertaken in this study. We conclude that both concepts can be applied to the analysis of family experience involving child genetic diseases, provided that this occurs in a critical and sensitive way to subjects and contexts investigated, keeping in mind the more broader theoretical concerns.

Adolescents' physical activity is associated with previous and current physical activity practice by their parents / A atividade física de adolescentes está associada à prática de atividade física anterior e atual por seus pais

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether parents' current and previous physical activity practice is associated with adolescents' physical activity. Methods: The sample was composed of 1231 adolescents (14-17 years), and 1202 mothers and 871 fathers were interviewed. Weight and height of the adolescents were measured. Self-reported parents' weight and height were obtained. The current and previous physical activity levels (Baecke's questionnaire) of parents (during childhood and adolescence) and adolescents' physical activity levels were obtained using a questionnaire. The magnitude of the associations between parent and adolescent physical activity levels was determined by binary logistic regression (adjusted by sex, age, and socioeconomic level of adolescents and education level of parents). Results: The current physical activity practice by parents was associated with adolescents' physical activity (p < 0.001). The physical activities reported by parents in their childhood and adolescence were also associated with higher physical activity levels among adolescents. Adolescents whose parents were both physically active in the past and present were six times (OR = 6.67 [CI = 1.94-22.79]) more likely to be physically active compared to adolescents with no parents who were physically active in the past. Conclusions: The current and previous physical activities of parents were associated with higher levels of physical activity in adolescents, even after controlling for confounding factors.

Resumo Objetivo: A finalidade deste estudo foi determinar se a prática de atividade física atual e anterior dos pais está associada à atividade física dos adolescentes. Métodos: A mostra foi composta por 1.231 adolescentes (14-17 anos) e foram entrevistados 1.202 mães e 871 pais. Foram medidos o peso e a altura dos adolescentes. Foram obtidos o peso e a altura autorrelatados dos pais. Os níveis de atividade física atual e anterior (questionário de Baecke) dos pais (durante a infância e adolescência) e os níveis de atividade física dos adolescentes foram obtidos com um questionário. A magnitude das associações entre os níveis de atividade física dos pais e adolescentes foi determinada por regressão logística binária (ajustada por sexo, idade e nível socioeconômico dos adolescentes e nível de escolaridade dos pais). Resultados: A prática atual de atividade física pelos pais foi associada à prática de atividade dos adolescentes (p < 0,001). As atividades físicas relatadas pelos pais em sua infância e adolescência também foram associadas aos maiores níveis de atividade física entre os adolescentes. Os adolescentes cujos pais eram fisicamente ativos no passado e atualmente foram seis vezes (RC = 6,67 [IC = 1,94-22,79]) mais propensos a ser fisicamente ativos em comparação com os adolescentes cujos pais não eram fisicamente ativos no passado. Conclusões: As atividades físicas atuais e anteriores dos pais foram associadas aos maiores níveis de atividade física nos adolescentes, mesmo após o controle de fatores de confusão.

Socioeconomic status moderates the association between perceived environment and active commuting to school

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To analyze the moderator effect of socioeconomic status in the association between the perceived environment and active commuting to school. METHODS: A total of 495 adolescents and their parents were interviewed. Perceived environment was operationalized in traffic and crime safety and assessed with the Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale. Active commuting was self-reported by the adolescents, categorized in walking, bicycling or skating at least one time/week. Socioeconomic status was used as moderator effect, reported from adolescents' parents or guardians using Brazilian standardized socioeconomic status classification. Analyses were performed with Poisson regression on Stata 12.0. RESULTS: Prevalence of active commuting was 63%. Adolescents with low socioeconomic status who reported "it is easy to observe pedestrians and cyclists" were more likely to actively commute to school (PR = 1.18, 95%CI 1.03-1.13). Adolescents with low socioeconomic status whose parents or legal guardians reported positively to "being safe crossing the streets" had increased probability of active commuting to school (PR = 1.10, 95%CI 1.01-1.20), as well as those with high socioeconomic status with "perception of crime" were positively associated to the outcome (PR = 1.33, 95%CI 1.03-1.72). CONCLUSIONS: Socioeconomic status showed moderating effects in the association between the perceived environment and active commuting to school.

Alianza tríadica familiar y salud mental parental / Triadic family alliance and parental mental health

El Lausanne Trialogue Play (LTP), instrumento que permite la evaluación estandarizada de la alianza familiar, releva la importancia del padre en los estudios de procesos e interacciones familiares, así como la existencia de un efecto familiar tríadico desde etapas tempranas. El presente estudio pretende aportar al conocimiento de la alianza familiar en familias con hijos(as) en edad preescolar, analizando su relación con la salud mental de los padres. 50 parejas parentales y sus hijos(as) fueron evaluadas en sus hogares con una batería de instrumentos que incluían el LTP, BDI-I, PSI-SF y un Cuestionario Sociodemográfico. Los resultados muestran que la mayoría de las familias evaluadas presentan alianzas familiares disfuncionales, sin evidenciarse una relación estadísticamente significativa con las variables de salud mental estudiadas. Sin embargo, se observa una tendencia a que familias con alianzas conflictivas presenten mayores niveles de sintomatología depresiva y estrés parental, sobre todo en el rol paterno.

The Lausanne Trialogue Play (LTP) is an instrument that allows the standardized assessment of the family alliance, highlighting the importance of the father in studies of family process and interactions, as also the existence of a triadic family effect since early stages. The present study pretends to contribute to extend the knowledge in family alliances in families with preschool aged children, analyzing it's relation with the parental mental health variables. 50 parental couples and their children were evaluated at their homes with the following instruments: LTP, BDI-I, PSI-SF and a sociodemographic questionnaire. Results show that most of the families have dysfunctional alliances, without proving a statistically significant relation with the parental studied variables. Nevertheless, families with conflictive alliances tend to show higher levels of depressive symptoms and parental stress, especially in fathers.

Cárie dentária em crianças de 5 anos: fatores sociodemográficos, lócus de controle e atitudes parentais / Dental decay in 5-year-old children: sociodemographic factors, locus of control and parental attitudes

Resumo A cárie dentária afeta grande parte das crianças, principalmente as de baixo nível socioeconômico. Neste estudo, de delineamento transversal, objetivou-se investigar o papel de fatores sociodemográficos, atitudes parentais e do Lócus de Controle, indicador da percepção pessoal sobre o que controla a saúde do sujeito, na prevalência de cárie em pré-escolares de cinco anos, moradores de cidade de médio porte paulista. Avaliou-se o índice ceo-d de 426 crianças; os pais informaram sobre as características sociodemográficas, responderam a dois questionários de Lócus de Controle e um de atitudes parentais. Os resultados mostraram que 52,35% dos pré-escolares apresentaram cárie, com a severa em níveis mais altos nos estratos mais baixos E-F. Nível socioeconômico mais alto e baixa externalidade mostraram-se como fatores de proteção. Baixa internalidade parental apareceu como um fator de risco para cárie nos dentes decíduos, possivelmente porque a mãe espera ou delega a ação a outros, retardando os cuidados. A percepção parental de controle sobre a saúde do filho parece favorecer cuidados preventivos e, consequentemente, o nível de cárie da criança.

Abstract Dental decay affects many children, especially those from the lower socioeconomic classes. In this cross-sectional study designed to investigate the role played by sociodemographic factors, parental attitudes, and locus of control, which are an indicator of personal perception of what controls individual health, on the prevalence of tooth decay among 5-year-old pre-school children living in a midsized city in São Paulo, Brazil. The ceo-d index of 426 children was assessed; the parents reported sociodemographic characteristics and completed two questionnaires concerning locus of control and parental attitudes. The results show that 52.35% of the children had decay; higher levels of severe decay were observed among lower E-F socioeconomic classes. Higher socioeconomic status and low externality appear to be protective factors. Low parental internality emerged as a risk factor for decay in primary teeth, possibly because the mother expects or delegates the action to others, delaying care. Parental perceptions of control over a child's health seem to impact preventive care and, consequently, the level of tooth decay among children.

Brazilian study of adaptation and psychometric properties of the Coping Health Inventory for Parents

Abstract The Coping Health Inventory for Parents (CHIP) evaluates coping patterns of parents of chronically ill children and assesses different coping strategies using three subscales. This study aimed to translate and transculturally adapt the CHIP for a Brazilian sample and investigate the preliminary psychometrics of the scale. Rating scale Rasch analysis was performed on CHIP responses, and the psychometric performance of each of the three subscales was tested. Two hundred twenty parents of individuals with health problems participated in the study, answering a sociodemographic questionnaire­the Brazilian version of the CHIP­and Folkman and Lazarus's coping questionnaire. All items exhibited good fit to the measurement model, although response categories were not used as intended and little variability on person parameter estimates was obtained. These preliminary results suggested that each construct being measured by the three subscales should be treated separately, corroborating the theoretical model of the original instrument. Suggestions to address the psychometric limitations of the instrument were made in order to improve measurement precision. (AU)

Informações on-line como suporte às famílias de crianças e adolescentes com doença crônica / Información en línea, apoyo a los niños de las familias y adolescentes con enfermedad crónica / Online information as support to the families of children and adolescents with chronic disease

RESUMO Objetivo Descrever o uso de informações on-line como suporte às famílias de crianças e adolescentes com doença crônica. Método Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa realizada no mês de agosto de 2015, com busca on-line nas bases de dados: PubMed, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature e Science Direct. Resultados Foram selecionados doze estudos de 293 encontrados. Após análise, elencaram-se duas categorias: Potencialidades do uso de informações on-line às famílias de crianças e adolescentes com doença crônica e Fragilidades do uso de informações on-line às famílias de crianças e adolescentes com doença crônica. Conclusões A Internet oferece amplitude de informações que subsidiam as famílias no gerenciamento do cuidado às crianças e aos adolescentes com enfermidades crônicas, no entanto, ainda possui particularidades que precisam ser analisadas durante a utilização desta rede virtual.

RESUMEN Objetivo Describir el uso de la información en línea y apoyar a las familias de los niños y adolescentes con enfermedad crónica. Método Se trata de una revisión integradora realizada en agosto de 2015, con la búsqueda en línea, en bases de datos: PubMed, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature y Science Direct. Resultados Un total de doce estudios de 293 encontrados. Tras el análisis se enumeraron dos categorías: Posible uso de información en línea para las familias de niños y adolescentes con enfermedad crónica y Debilidades de la información en línea para las familias de niños y adolescentes con enfermedad crónica. Conclusión Internet ofrece variedad de información que soportan las familias en la gestión de la atención de los niños y adolescentes con enfermedades crónicas, pero también tiene características que necesitan ser analizadas durante el uso de esta red virtual.

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the use of online information as support to families of children and adolescents with chronic disease. Methods This is an integrative review conducted in August 2015, with an online search in the following databases: PubMed, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature, and Science Direct. Results Twelve studies were selected from the 293 studies found in the databases. After analysis, the following two categories emerged: Potentialities of the use of online information by families of children and adolescents with chronic disease, and Weaknesses of the use of online information by families of children and adolescents with chronic disease. Conclusions The internet offers a wide range of information that helps families manage the care of children and adolescents with chronic diseases, but it also has characteristics that need to be analysed.